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    • 专利摘要:
    A method of operating a receiver (25) having a heating area (26) for heating a heat transporting medium, and a transport assembly (29) for transporting the medium through the heating area (26), wherein an opening in the heating area (26) (3) for the radiation (4) of the sun and a sun-absorbing absorber (27) arranged in the path of the incident radiation (4), characterized in that the heat-transporting medium is a gas absorbing in frequency bands of the infrared range is provided, and that the operating parameters of the receiver (25) is adjusted and the gas is selected such that its temperature during transport through the heating region (26) by absorbing the radiation (32) of the absorber (27) increases such that Ratio χ of the temperature increase (T 3 -T 2) by absorption before the absorber (27) compared to the total temperature reduction (T 4 - T 2) by absorption and convection at the absorber is ≥ 0.3.
    公开号:CH713773A2
    申请号:CH00260/18
    申请日:2018-03-02
    公开日:2018-11-15
    发明作者:Ambrosetti Gianluca；Good Philipp
    申请人:Synhelion Sa C/O Avv Luca Tenchio；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    Description: The present invention relates to a method for operating a receiver and a receiver for executing the method according to the preamble of claims 1 and 6, and a manufacturing method for a receiver according to the preamble of claim 18.
    [0002] Receivers are used in solar power plants. They collect the concentrated solar radiation and thereby heat a heat-transporting medium, through which the heat obtained is used in a subsequent technical process, be it through conversion into mechanical work, for example by driving turbines, for the processes that require heat in industry or for heating, for example district heating of inhabited areas.
    In solar tower power plants are essentially used as tube bundles trained receivers that are suitable for temperatures up to 600 ° C and concentrations of 600 suns. For higher temperatures, predominantly spatially trained receivers are used, which are designed for concentrations of 600 suns, 1000 suns or more. Such temperatures are usually above 600 ° C, range from 800 ° C to 1000 ° C and above, and can reach the range from 1200 ° C to 1500 ° C in the near future. Such receivers can also be used in dish concentrators, albeit on a smaller scale. In the present case, spatial receivers are referred to as receivers, the dimensions of which are comparatively large in all three dimensions, in contrast to tubular receivers which are used in connection with trough or channel collectors. Such tubular receivers have a dimension, the length, which is a multiple, in the range of ten or a hundred times or more of the cross-sectional dimensions, width or height. Receivers for trough collectors are not designed for the temperatures mentioned above, since the trough-shaped concentrator concentrates in two dimensions with respect to the receiver, but the field of heliostats in a tower power plant or a dish concentrator, however, in three dimensions.
    Such receivers are known to the person skilled in the art as volumetric receivers, which are also suitable for solar tower power plants, with the required temperatures of more than 500 ° C. or more than 1000 ° C., for example up to 1200 ° C., being reached in such receivers to let. However, the high operating temperatures lead to considerable design effort.
    Volumetric receivers have an extensive (voluminous, hence the term “volumetric” receiver) absorber structure, which can consist, for example, of a voluminous wire mesh or an open-pored ceramic foam. The concentrated solar radiation then penetrates into the interior of the (voluminous) absorber structure and is absorbed there. The heat-transporting medium such as air or a suitable reaction partner for a subsequent reactor is passed through the open-porous absorber structure and thus absorbs heat by means of forced convection on the open-porous absorber structure. The absorber structure can also consist of a tubular structure, a lattice structure that is staggered in depth, or any structure with a large surface area that effects the convective heat transfer from the absorber structure to the heat-transporting medium when it flows through the absorber.
    A volumetric receiver has become known, for example, from the REFOS project (Receiver for solar hybrid gas turbine and combined cycle systems; R. Buck, M. Abele, J. Kun-berger, T. Denk, P. Heller and E. Lüpfert , in Journal de Physique IV France 9 (1999)), which is described in more detail below in connection with FIG. 1.
    Such receivers have the disadvantage that the absorber structure is complex to manufacture and the flow through the absorber can become unstable, in particular due to an undesirable temperature distribution occurring during operation.
    Accordingly, it is the object of the present invention to provide an improved receiver.
    This object is achieved by the method with the characterizing features of claim 1 and the characterizing features of claim 6.
    Characterized in that according to the inventive method, the selected, heat-transporting gas is absorptive in the frequency bands of the infrared range, and the operating parameters are set such that a significant part of the increase in heat by absorption in the heat-transporting gas takes place, a simplified concept of the receiver because the heat transfer by convection is reduced.
    The fact that the absorption arrangement is designed as a black body radiation arrangement with reduced convection, simplifies the design of the absorber, and thus the structure and operation of the receiver, since the absorber no longer convectively brings the heat introduced via the solar radiation to its depth Heat-transporting gas must give up.
    [0012] Preferred embodiments have the features of the dependent claims. The invention is explained in more detail below with reference to the figures. It shows:
    1a a receiver according to the prior art,
    1b schematically shows a diagram with the temperature profile in the receiver of Fig. 1a,
    2 schematically shows a receiver according to the present invention in longitudinal section,
    3 schematically shows a diagram with the temperature profile in the receiver of FIG. 2,
    4 schematically shows an embodiment of the receiver according to the invention,
    5 schematically shows a further embodiment of the receiver according to the invention,
    6a and 6b diagrams with the temperature profile in a receiver according to the invention,
    7a to 7c diagrams with the efficiency and the temperature of the absorbent surface in a receiver according to the invention
    8 shows the steps of an operating method according to the invention for a receiver, and
    9 shows the steps of a manufacturing method for a receiver according to the invention.
    1 a shows an experimental arrangement for a volumetric receiver 1 according to the REFOS project, with a heating area 2 for the heating of a heat-transporting medium, here air, which has an opening 3 designed as a quartz window for the radiation from the sun or Sunlight 4 and an absorber 5 arranged in the path of the incident radiation 4 behind the quartz window 3 and absorbing this radiation 4. In the embodiment shown, a transport arrangement 6 for transporting the heat-transporting medium has an inlet 7 through which the Medium with an inlet temperature Tin enters receiver 1 and an outlet 8 through which it leaves outlet temperature Tout.
    Via edge channels 9 of the transport arrangement 6, the air with the inlet temperature temperature Tin is passed to the front side of the receiver 1, where it passes through suitably designed openings 10 into a distribution space 11 located in front of the absorber 5, is distributed, then the absorber 5 flows through, thereby being convectively heated, and finally reaches the temperature Tout in a collecting space 13 and from there into the outlet 8, through which it leaves the receiver 1. The quartz window 3 is arched towards the inside, so that the receiver 1 can be operated with increased pressure, so that the heated air can be supplied under pressure to a downstream consumer, for example a turbine.
    The absorber 5 constructed as a volumetric absorber, saving space to follow the contour of the quartz window 3, has a number of layers of a fine wire mesh, into which the sunlight 4 can penetrate deeply, so that the absorber 5 heats up over its entire depth and thus through air flowing through it is convectively heated to Tout. As mentioned above, a conventional absorber in other embodiments can be formed from an open-pored ceramic foam or another arrangement with a very large surface area in comparison to the air volume in the absorber in order to achieve the required convective heat transfer.
    An insulation 12 surrounds the receiver 1, to which a secondary concentrator omitted to relieve the figure is connected in front of its optical opening 3 and concentrates the flow of solar radiation 4 to the quartz window 3. To relieve the figure, a control for the receiver 1 and the transport arrangement 6 is also omitted, by means of which the operation of the receiver 1 or the supply and removal of air is suitably regulated, as is known to the person skilled in the art. An outlet temperature Tout of 800 ° C, with a ceramic absorber of 1000 ° C can be achieved with a receiver like the REFOS receiver shown.
    Fig. 1b shows a diagram 15 with a temperature curve 16, which in connection with Fig. 1a shows schematically the temperature profile of the air flowing through the receiver 1. In section A from the inlet 7 to the end of the edge-side channels 9 there is a slight convective heating of the air from tin to T-ι (part 17 of the temperature curve 16). In section B, during the passage of the air through the openings 10 in the absorber 5, there is a first, relevant and convective heating from T-ι to T2 (part 18 of the temperature curve 16). In section C, i.e. In the distribution space 11, the air heats up absorptively, but only slightly, since air as a gas mixture contains, for example, a small amount of CO 2 (or another gas) that absorbs in the infrared range, but is otherwise essentially transparent to infrared radiation (part 19 of the temperature curve 16 ). Finally, in section D, the air flows through the absorber 5, where it is convectively heated to the temperature T4, which corresponds to the outlet temperature Tout (part 20 of the temperature curve 16). In section E, the air passes through the collecting space 13 into the outlet 8, which in turn results in a slight absorptive temperature increase due to the infrared-absorbing gas component. The temperature jump from tin to toout is essentially convective.
    Fig. 2 shows schematically an embodiment of an inventive, designed as a spatial receiver receiver 25, with a heating region 26, which has an opening 3 for the radiation of the sun, for example a quartz window, and a plate-shaped absorber 27, between which Quartz window 3 and the absorber 27, an absorption space 28 is provided, which from the heat-transporting medium according to the arrows drawn from right to left, ie against the absorber 27, is flowed through. For this purpose, the transport device 29 has inlet connections 30 for heat-transporting medium arranged around the quartz window 3, which lead into the absorption space 28, and a central outlet connection 31 behind the absorber 27. To relieve the figure, the insulation is here as in the following figures omitted the receiver.
    The absorber 27 is designed according to the invention as a blackbody radiation arrangement, i.e. it has a surface 27 ', which absorbs this radiation and is arranged in the path of the incident sunlight or the incident solar radiation 4, and is designed such that it heats up operationally due to the solar radiation 4 incident on the surface 27' and then via its surface 27 'correspondingly emits infrared radiation in the absorber space 28.
    Thus, the absorber 27 gives off its heat output to a substantial extent in the form of infrared radiation in the absorber space 28, where the medium flowing to it is already largely or predominantly absorptively heated with regard to Tout before it reaches it.
    A real structure shines only approximately as the ideal black body does. In the present case, a “blackbody radiation arrangement” is understood to mean that the incident solar radiation 4 is absorbed as much as possible on the surface of the absorber (that is, in principle only little penetrates into the absorber, in contrast to the known volumetric absorbers), so that this surface heats up and radiates in the manner of a black body with the relevant high temperature into the absorber space 28, with a different frequency spectrum than the solar radiation. The predominant part of the black body radiation emitted into the absorber space 28 is at temperatures of the absorber 27 to 2000 ° K (or also above) in the infrared range, i.e. as mentioned, in frequencies lower than visible light.
    In other words, it is the case that the absorber according to the invention is designed to be cooled via its blackbody radiation to such an extent that the ratio χ can be achieved (see the description below).
    A complex, in particular intended for volumetric receivers, staggered in depth absorber structure, which absorbs incident solar radiation or radiation of the sun over its depth accordingly over its depth by at least partially scattered inside and increasingly after multiple reflection is thus absorbed. This also eliminates the complex thermal problems that frequently occur with such absorber structures.
    Thus, the absorber 27 is further preferably designed with little convection, i.e. for example, can be easily flowed through without increased convective properties being important for the heat exchange. This also eliminates the training for maximized convection of the medium flowing through, i.e. the structure required for the most efficient heat exchanger possible, with a large surface area in comparison to the flowing volume of the heat-exchanging medium, which is complex and therefore costly to manufacture with high efficiency and which results in a considerable drop in pressure of the flowing medium during operation, which in turn increases the efficiency of the corresponding receiver is disadvantageous.
    At this point it should be noted that a certain convective heat transfer to the absorber 27 by contact with the heat-exchanging medium is of course inevitable, especially in the embodiment shown in FIG. 2, since this forms a wall section of the absorption space 28 there. The corresponding convective heat transfer to the heat-transporting gas is in itself, like any heat transfer, also quite welcome - however, the outlet temperature Tout should be based to a substantial or predominant extent (see below) on absorption and thus a simplified structure of the receiver 25 enable. The simplified structure of the absorber 27 opens, as mentioned above, the possibility for an inexpensive production (low-cost receiver for high temperatures) and also a more stable operation, for example in thermal terms (temperature distribution over the absorber 27), which leads to an improved Industrial suitability of the receiver leads.
    According to the invention, there is a receiver with a heating area for the heating of a heat-transporting medium, which has an opening for the radiation of the sun, and one arranged in the path of the incident radiation of the sun, which has this absorbing absorber, with a transport arrangement for the Transport of the medium through the heating area, with an absorption space for heating the heat-transporting medium being provided outside the absorber and the absorber being designed as a low-convection black body radiation arrangement and the transport arrangement for transporting a gas as a heat-transporting medium.
    Preferably, the absorber designed as a low-convection black body radiation arrangement is designed for the through-flow of the heat-transporting gas and is more preferably opposite the optical opening 3.
    2, the absorber space 28 is preferably provided between the opening 3 for the radiation from the sun and the absorber 27, the ratio χ being the ratio of the temperature increase (T3-T2) by absorption of the radiation of the absorber 27 in this absorber chamber 28 to the total temperature increase (T4 - T2) by the absorption and convection at the absorber 27 after the gas has passed through it. The gas has passed the absorber 27 when it has either just passed through the absorber 27 and thus reached the collecting space 33, or when it has just been removed laterally at the location of the absorber 27 (for example through openings 92 '"or 93'" 5), of course, both options can be provided simultaneously in a specific embodiment.
    In a further embodiment, not shown in the figure, the collecting space 33, which is located on the back of the absorber 27, is designed as a further absorber space. In the case of an at least partially gas-tight absorber (see below), gas is conducted around the absorber to a rear side of the absorber and then away from it.
    Then the already absorptively and convectively heated, heat-transporting gas flows through this further absorber space and is additionally heated, absorptively and convectively, preferably according to the invention with a temperature ratio χ> 0.3. Ultimately, this allows the radiating surface 27 'to be enlarged and thus the absorptive heat transfer to be optimized.
    Thus, the heating area has two absorber rooms with a common absorber, the ratio vorgesehen being provided for one or for both of the absorber rooms.
    According to the invention, an infrared-absorbing gas or gas mixture which absorbs in frequency bands in the infrared range is also used as the heat-transporting medium. Such gases are, for example, heteropolar gases, preferably CO 2, water vapor, CH 4, NH 3, CO, SO 2, SO 3, HCl, NO, and NO 2, or a mixture thereof, such as a mixture of water vapor and CO 2. When such gases are used, there is ultimately a greenhouse effect which can be used or used by the receiver 25, since these gases are highly transparent to the visible light, which thus essentially reaches the absorber 27, but are hardly transparent to the infrared radiation of the absorber , so that they warm up in front of the absorber 27 absorptively with respect to Tout to a considerable or predominant degree. It should be noted here that real gases do not absorb visible light or infrared radiation uniformly over all frequencies or are transparent to them, but above all in frequency bands specific for a particular gas. In addition, the absorption decreases with the distance from the radiation source. As a result, in terms of the absorption or transparency of radiation, one speaks of “highly transparent” or of “little to hardly transparent” above.
    The absorber according to the invention can be designed as a perforated plate, preferably as a double perforated plate or as a simple, flat lattice structure. In the case of the perforated plate, a perforated pattern is distributed over its extent, so that the heat-transporting gas can easily flow through, but there is sufficient or as much as possible of the surface of the perforated plate for the absorption of the incident solar radiation and the infrared retroreflection into the absorber space. In addition, the hole pattern can be designed for easy flow, since there is no need for convection and reduced flow resistance is advantageous. The person skilled in the art can easily optimally determine the hole pattern in the specific case. Likewise in the case of a lattice structure or double perforated plate with two plates parallel to one another, in which case the holes of the one plate are offset from one another in such a way that, despite the low-convection passage of the heat-exchanging gas, the absorption space is as radiant as possible Surface of the absorber is turned. In this case, the gas is passed through the absorber. Alternatively, the absorber can also be made gas-tight, in which case the gas flows out of the absorber chamber 26 laterally, as shown for example in FIG. 5. Then the gas is led past the absorber. In a specific case, the person skilled in the art can provide a mixed form, so that part of the gas flows through the absorber and part flows past it. The absorber then at least partially has a gas-tight surface and is preferably plate-shaped (a completely gas-tight surface is present when the gas is guided past the absorber).
    A suitable material for the absorber has both a high degree of absorption of solar radiation and a high emissivity of infrared radiation, which - if necessary - with suitable texturing of the surface 27 ', such as V-grooves, into the surface or outstanding pyramids, or other radiation traps can be additionally increased. In addition, high temperature (change) and corrosion resistance (e.g. against oxidation by water vapor or C02 at high temperatures) are required. Suitable materials are silicon carbide (SiC), cerium dioxide (Ce02) and oxides such as Aluminum oxide (Al203) or zirconium dioxide (Zr02), which can be doped with suitable elements to increase the degree of absorption and emission.
    FIG. 3 shows a diagram 40 with a temperature curve 41, which in connection with FIG. 2 shows schematically the temperature profile of the gas flowing through the receiver 25.
    In section F the part 42 of the temperature curve shows the heating of the infrared-absorbing, heat-transporting gas from tin, in the event that, in the embodiment of the receiver 25 shown in FIG. 2, the infrared-absorbing gas as in the receiver 1 the air (FIG. 1) is also to be transported along the absorption space 28 to the end face (which, however, is not mandatory). In section G there is a slight convective heating of the air from T- to T2 (part 43 of the temperature curve 41) due to the passage of the gas through the inlet connection 30.
    In section H the infrared absorbing gas flows through the absorber chamber 28 and heats up absorptively by the infrared radiation 32 of the absorber 27 from T2 to T3 (part 44 of the temperature curve 41) before it flows through it in section I and thereby convectively from T3 heated to T4 (part 45 of temperature curve 41). Finally, there is a further absorptive heating of the infrared absorbing gas in the section K of T4 to the outlet temperature Tout (part 46 of the temperature curve 41) while the gas is in the collecting space 33 and flows against the outlet connection 31. According to the invention, the temperature jump from tin to tout is largely or predominantly absorptive.
    It follows from the illustration in FIGS. 2 and 3 that the transport arrangement of the receiver preferably has an absorption space 28 in the flow direction upstream and a further absorption space (here designed as a collecting space 33) in the flow direction behind the absorber 27.
    In a specific case, the person skilled in the art determines the operating parameters, generally starting from the desired or necessary outlet temperature Tout and the inlet temperature Tjn given by the use of the heat from the receiver. He also selects the infrared-absorbing gas or gas mixture suitable in the specific case and specifies the flow velocity in the absorber space 28 (which in turn can be dependent on the current solar radiation). Such and other operating parameters that result in the specific case can depend on one another, with the result that the absorptive increase in temperature from T2 to T3 in section H of FIG. in the absorber room 28, in the specific case depending on the larger or smaller.
    The applicant has found that the advantages according to the invention have a relevant effect even at a ratio χ of> 0.3, where
    i.e. indicates the ratio between the absorptive and the total absorptive and convective heating of the heat-transporting gas when the gas has flowed towards an absorber 27 radiating in the infrared region and then through it (or along it to an outlet), i.e. happened to this. By suitable operation with the selected operating parameters, in other words by suitable design of the control of the receiver 25, the person skilled in the art can achieve the value according to the invention of χ> 0.3 in the specific case.
    It follows that according to the invention, a gas which absorbs in frequency bands of the infrared range is provided as the heat-transporting medium. It is further according to the invention that an absorber space interacting with the absorber is dimensioned such that, during operation, the ratio χ of the absorptive temperature increase (T3 - T2) of a heat-transporting gas in the absorption chamber that absorbs in frequency bands of the infrared range compared to the total temperature increase (T4 - T2 ) by absorption and convection at the absorber> 0.3.
    The heat-exchanging gas preferably flows through an absorber zone (absorber chamber 28) against an absorber (absorber 27), it being absorptively heated in the absorber zone and also convectively heated by the absorber. A receiver can be structured in several stages, i.e. Gradually heat up heat-transporting medium. According to the invention, at least one stage for an absorptive / convective heating with the ratio χ of> 0.3 is then formed.
    The heating region then preferably has two absorber spaces, the ratio χ being provided for one or for both of the absorber spaces in conjunction with the absorber.
    For a high degree of efficiency of the receiver according to the invention it is important that the amount of heat emitted by the absorber is absorbed as far as possible in the absorption space by the heat-transporting gas (and, for example, does not penetrate the gas and through the opening for solar radiation as reflection again from the receiver escapes). A determining parameter here is the absorptivity a of the heat-transporting gas, which is measured by experiments, calculated from spectral line values from molecular spectroscopic databases (e.g. HITEMP2010), or can also be determined approximately from emissivity diagrams according to the Hottel rule. If, under the current operating conditions of the receiver, there is a distance H between the absorber and the opening in such a way that 60% or more of the heat output radiated by the absorber is absorbed by the heat-transporting gas in this area, the receiver already has a good efficiency Absorption of the absorber heat is designed. A height in the space area mentioned is particularly preferred such that 80% or more, particularly preferably 90% or more of the radiated heat output of the absorber is absorbed by the heat-transporting gas.
    It should be noted here that the absorber space certainly has an opening for the radiation from the sun and an absorber acting in it via its blackbody radiation, wherein according to FIGS. 2 and 4 the absorber is preferably opposite the opening. In principle, however, the absorber space can also not be cylindrical, but can be designed as desired, for example with projecting side walls, so that the opening is smaller than the absorber surface, which is advantageous in view of the undesired reflection. In such a case, the radiation is concentrated in the opening by a concentrator and diverges after the opening in such a way that the entire and larger absorber surface is illuminated. Then the absorber room may not have a height under the projecting walls, but under the opening such that there is an absorption in the above-mentioned degree in the affected area (where this height is present).
    Since the absorptivity depends on the type of gas, its pressure and the temperature of the radiating absorber surface and that of the gas itself (rule by Hottel), the person skilled in the art can determine the height as a function of the parameters determining the absorption: as mentioned this is the type of gas, its operating pressure, its temperature and the temperature of the absorber surface during operation, which thus determine an operating state of the receiver.
    This results in a preferred embodiment of the receiver according to the invention, in which the absorption space has a height above the absorber such that, when the receiver is in an operating state, 60% or more, preferably 80% or more, very particularly preferably 90% in this area of the room. or more of the radiated heat output of the absorber is absorbed by the heat-transporting gas.
    4 shows a further embodiment of the receiver according to the invention. A section through a receiver 50 is shown, which corresponds to the receiver 25 of FIG. 2, but the absorber 51 with its absorbent surface 51 'facing the optical opening 3 has a preferably plate-shaped section 54 which projects into the absorber space 57 and which extends in the middle of the absorber space 57 against the opening 3 and is oriented essentially parallel to the flow direction of the infrared-absorbing, heat-exchanging gas indicated by the arrows. The section 54 essentially absorbs infrared radiation emitted by the absorbing surface 51 ′, insofar as this has not yet been absorbed by the gas flowing along it, that is to say in particular radiation in those frequency bands for which the gas is less absorbent. As a result, it heats up and in turn represents a blackbody radiation arrangement which radiates the frequency spectrum corresponding to the temperature of section 54 and which in turn heats the gas flowing past in an absorptive manner. This results in an improved use of those frequencies of radiation 55 which are only slightly absorbed by the gas, since these frequencies introduce heat into section 54, which in turn radiates in all (infrared) frequencies. Section 54 represents a secondary absorber.
    Such an arrangement can be carried out in larger dimensions, for example with a diameter of the absorber surface 51 'of 15.96 m and a length of the absorber space 53 (absorber surface 51' to optical opening 3) of 15.96 m. The receiver 50 is then suitable for recording the flow of a large number (or all) of heliostats in a tower power plant. The result is that the receiver 50 has an absorption space 57 and the absorber 51 projects into this space with a section or secondary absorber 54, which is preferably plate-shaped.
    In a further embodiment, not shown in the figure, a transparent glass wall (borosilicate glass), for example for the visible spectrum of sunlight, can be provided as the secondary absorber, which is approximately in the middle between the absorber surface 51 'and the optical opening 3 (Fig. 4) is arranged parallel to the absorber surface 51 'and has passages, for example in the manner of a perforated plate, for the heat-transporting gas. Again, the glass wall is heated by the infrared radiation of the absorber surface 51 ', or by its frequency components which have not yet been absorbed by the gas, and even in the manner of the black body radiates in both directions, namely both against the optical opening and against the absorber. In a specific case, the person skilled in the art can design the glass plate such that the ratio χ for the section of the absorber space between the glass plate and the optical opening and the glass plate assigned to it and also for the section of the absorber space between the glass plate and the absorber with the absorber assigned to it of> 0.3 is reached. According to the invention, a receiver results which has a further secondary absorber designed as a blackbody radiation arrangement with reduced convection in an absorption space located in front of the absorber, which is arranged and designed such that it can be heated by the infrared radiation of the absorber.
    5 schematically shows a cross section through a further embodiment of a receiver of the type shown in FIG. 2. The sun rays 4 fall through a window made of, for example, quartz glass 3 onto the absorber 27, the radiating surface 27 'of which is in the absorption space 26 flowing gas is heated, the temperature of which increases from the window 3 to the absorber 27. Accordingly, the gas can be removed via openings 91 to 91 '"in the cylindrical wall of the receiver 90 at different temperatures. The arrows indicate the direction of flow of the heat-transporting gas, the arrows in the openings 91 to 91" "corresponding to the rising temperature are shown longer. Alternatively - or together with the openings 91 to 91 '", a line 93 projecting into the absorber space 26 can be provided for the gas, which then leads via openings 92 to 92" "at the temperatures prevailing at the location of the openings 92 to 92"' This is particularly advantageous if a downstream process running at different temperature levels is supplied with heat by the receiver 90. From this process, heat-transporting gas can also be returned to the receiver at likewise different temperatures, so that more preferably in the area of the openings 91 to 91 '"and 92 to 92'" further feed lines for the heat-transporting gas into the absorber space 26 of the receiver 90 are provided (which are omitted here to relieve the figure).
    The result is a receiver in which the transport arrangement has one or more lines 91 to 91 '"and 92 to 92'" for heat-transporting gas connected to an absorber space 26, which are arranged such that the absorber space 26 is partially heated gas withdrawn and / or partially heated gas can be supplied at a location at which the temperature of the gas in the absorber space 26 essentially corresponds to the temperature of the partially heated, supplied gas.
    Such supply and discharge lines for partially heated gas can be provided on an absorptive receiver according to the invention without its layout, in particular the absorber 27, having to be modified - these lines can also be used or shut down without it due to the different Heat transfers require a structural modification.
    The applicant has found that a temperature ratio χ> 0.5 is particularly advantageous when partially heated gas is used, for example when the partially heated gas in the range of at an inlet temperature Tin of 1000 K and an outlet temperature Tout of 1800 K. 1400 K, that is to say half the temperature difference, is: the temperature layer T = 1400 K in the absorber space 26 is still in the purely absorptive area and is accordingly easily accessible, in FIG. 5 through the openings 91 to 91 "or 92 to 92" ,
    6a and 6b as well as 7a and 7b show different operating parameters in a receiver according to FIG. 2 according to a mathematical modeling of the receiver 25 from FIG. 2 by the applicant. The system has been modeled using the most precise method available today, namely “spectral line-by-line (LBL) photon Monte Carlo raytracing”, the absorption coefficients coming from the HITEMP 2010 Spectroscopic Database. A receiver is modeled, whose absorption space has a diameter of 15.96 m and a height of 15.96 and the opening 3 has a diameter of 11.28 m. This results in an area of the absorbent surface 27 'of 200 m2 and an area of the opening 3 of 100 m2. Water vapor was assumed to be the heat-transporting medium, at a pressure of 1 bar, without a window in the opening 3. The radiation flow at the opening 3 is 1200 kW / m2 and at the absorbing surface 27'600 kW / m2 (which is opposite the opening 3 has twice the area). The absorbent surface 27 'was assumed to be a radiant black body and, in contrast to FIG. 2, with a continuous, flat and smooth surface, so that the heat-transporting medium in the manner according to FIG. 5 through openings 91' "at the level of the absorber 27 is guided laterally out of the absorber space 26.
    6a and 6b show, using diagrams 60 and 65, the temperature profile during operation of the receiver 20 (FIG. 2) along its longitudinal axis, starting from the opening 3: the temperature in Kelvin is plotted on the vertical axis the horizontal axis is the distance from the opening 3. Diagram 60, FIG. 6a shows a process with an inlet temperature Tin of 1000 K and an outlet temperature Tout of 1400 K. Diagram 65, FIG. 6b, also shows a process with an Inlet temperature Tin of 1000 K, but an outlet temperature Tout of 1800 K.
    Because of the walls that heat up during operation, there is a temperature distribution in the heat-transporting medium (here water vapor) with an elevated temperature at the edge of the absorber chamber 26, so that at a certain cross section in the absorber chamber 26 at the edge (on the wall) (temperature curves 61 or 66) the highest and in the middle, at the location of the axis of the cylindrical absorber chamber 26, the lowest temperatures (temperature curve 62 or 67) are present. The temperature curves 63 and 68 show the average temperature of the water vapor in the respective cross section of the absorber space 26.
    6a and 6b show, in addition to a proof-of-concept for an absorptive receiver, the possible design of such a receiver according to FIG. 5.
    Fig. 7a shows a diagram 70 for the efficiency of the receiver 20 (Fig. 2). The output temperature Tout is plotted on the horizontal axis, with a constant input temperature Tin of 1000 K being assumed. Curve 71 shows the efficiency of the receiver 20 as a function of the output temperature Tout. The reduction in the efficiency against higher temperatures Tout is explained by the increased (loss) retroreflection from the opening 3 due to the higher temperatures - despite the constant input temperature Tin of 1000 K, since part of the retroreflection comes from the interior of the absorber space (with elevated temperatures). The concept of the absorptive receiver accordingly has an efficiency level equal to that of conventional, convective receivers or even improved with increasing output temperature Tout.
    7b shows a diagram 75 for the temperature of the absorbent surface 27 'as a function of the starting temperature Tout. Again, there is a temperature distribution with higher temperatures at the edge and a minimum temperature at the location of the axis of the cylindrical absorber space 26: curve 76 shows the temperature at the edge of the absorbent surface 27 'and curve 77 shows the temperature in the middle thereof. Curve 78 shows their average temperature. The temperature difference to the absorbing surface 27 ′, which becomes smaller with a higher Tout, can be explained by the fact that the energy radiation of the black body increases with the fourth power of its temperature - with a relatively small increase in temperature (here by 300 K), the heat-transporting medium is massively heated up ( here around 1000 K). The concept of the absorptive receiver therefore has considerable flexibility with regard to the intended temperature Tout: an absorber suitable for high temperatures can equally be used for different temperatures Tout, which is not the case with the convective absorbers of the prior art and the concept of the apsorptive one low-cost-high-temperature receivers supported.
    6a, 6b and 7a, 7b apply to the modeling used also for a receiver 20 (FIG. 2) with smaller dimensions, but increased pressure in the heat-transporting medium.
    7c shows a diagram 80 for the efficiency of the receiver 20 (FIG. 2), but with a window in the opening 3 and for different dimensions. The efficiency for the large dimensions of the receiver 20 according to the description of FIGS. 6a, 6b and 7a, 7b, see. curve 82. The efficiency for small dimensions (diameter and height of the absorber space 26 = 1.596 m, diameter of the window in the opening 3 = 1.128, corresponding to 1 m2), with a pressure in the heat-transporting gas of 10 bar, can also be seen , curve 81. The somewhat lower efficiency compared to FIG. 7a is explained by the reduced flow due to the window on the absorbent surface of 554.4 kW / m2 instead of 600 kW / m2.
    According to the knowledge of the applicant, the dimensions of the receiver 20 and all embodiments of the absorptive receiver according to the invention can be easily scaled, the pressure being increased in the same ratio for a comparably high efficiency or comparable temperature conditions when the dimensions are reduced must, for example here with a reduction by a factor of 10, the pressure increases by a factor of 10. However, the higher the pressure in the heat-transporting gas, the higher the efficiency tends to increase disproportionately. 7c shows the conditions for a pressure of 10 bar. In a specific case, the person skilled in the art can provide the excess pressure in a range between 2 and 20 bar, particularly preferably between 5 and 15 bar and very particularly preferably, as mentioned above, of 10 bar.
    In the simulated embodiments according to FIGS. 6a to 7c, liegt is in a range> 0.9, since the convection on the flat and smooth absorbing surface is very small. It should be noted that convection basically cools the absorber somewhat, and is therefore suitable for reducing the efficiency-reducing losses due to reflection from the opening 3, that is to say increasing the efficiency of the receiver. However, increased convection leads to increased pressure losses in the flowing gas (which in turn lowers the efficiency) and increases the construction costs of the absorber. In a specific case, the person skilled in the art can determine the optimal ratio between absorption and convection, i.e. a certain value for
    (see the description of Figure 3) in a range χ> 0.3.
    According to the knowledge of the applicant, as already mentioned, a value of χ = 0.3 already leads to a simpler design of the receiver according to the invention, with an efficiency which corresponds to that of the known receiver designed according to the principle of convection (or higher) lies).
    Since high temperatures of the absorber, but also of the side walls of the absorber chamber are advantageous for the most intense blackbody radiation in the absorber chamber, coolants of all kinds, in particular cooling channels, as is provided in the case of receivers according to the prior art, are omitted - either cooling channels in the walls, or cooling channels in the absorber that ensure convection. The result is a receiver in which the walls of the absorption space and / or the absorber are free of coolants, in particular cooling channels.
    In a further embodiment, not shown in the figures, the absorber is arranged in the same way as in the receiver 25 (FIG. 2) opposite the optical opening 3 and forms a wall area of the absorption space 28 (FIG. 2). In contrast to the receiver 25, however, the absorber is not provided with throughflow openings for the heat-transporting medium, but is at least partially gas-tight for the latter, so that heated gas flows radially out of the absorption space at the level of the absorber. This simplifies the construction of the absorber even more, the ratio χ can be increased to a value higher than 0.3.
    The person skilled in the art can determine the value by optimizing the embodiment according to FIG. 2, or by combining this embodiment with further described features (additional section 54 of the absorber 51 according to FIG. 4, glass plate according to the embodiment not shown in the figures, etc.) the ratio χ from> 0.3 to> 0.4 or> 0.5 or> 0.6 or> 0.7 or even to> 0.8.
    8 shows the steps of a method for operating a preferably spatial receiver according to the present invention. In a first step 60, a suitable receiver is selected, for example with a structure according to FIG. 2, which has an absorber that can be heated by sunlight, against which gaseous, heat-transporting medium is guided by a transport device, in order to transport it through the absorber heat.
    In a second step 61, a gas which absorbs in the infrared region is selected as the heat-transporting gas, in particular a heteropolar gas or one of the gases CO 2, water vapor, CH 4, NH 3, CO, SO 2, SO 3, HCl, NO, and NO 2 (or also a mixture of these gases) in order to absorb blackbody radiation from the absorber by absorption of the gas transported against the absorber even before the absorber and thus to heat the heat-transporting medium.
    In a third step 62, the operating parameters of the receiver are set such that, during operation of the receiver, the ratio χ of the temperature increase in the heat-transporting medium due to absorption in front of the absorber compared to the temperature increase due to absorption and convection at the absorber is> 0.3.
    In the fourth step 63, the receiver is put into operation and operated with the parameter χ> 0.3.
    There is a method for operating a receiver with a heating area for heating a heat-transporting medium, and a transport arrangement for transporting the medium through the heating area, wherein an opening for the radiation of the sun and an in the Path of the incident radiation of the sun arranged, this absorbing absorber is provided, and wherein the heat-transporting medium is a gas absorbing in frequency bands of the infrared range, and the operating parameters of the receiver are set and the gas is selected such that its temperature during transport through the heating area (to the absorber) through absorption of the radiation from the absorber increases in such a way that the ratio χ of the temperature increase (T3 - T2) through absorption of the radiation of the absorber compared to the total temperature increase (T4 - T2) through absorption and convection on the absorber is> 0.3.
    A heteropolar gas is preferably selected as the absorbing gas, more preferably CO 2, water vapor, CH 4 or a mixture of these gases.
    The person skilled in the art can then modify the method according to the invention in such a way that the ratio χ is equal to or greater than 0.4, or 0.5 or preferably is equal to or greater than 0.7, particularly preferably is equal to or greater than 0, 8th.
    In one embodiment, the method according to the invention can be designed in such a way that the gas is passed through the absorber. Alternatively, it can be provided that the gas is led past the absorber.
    9 shows the steps of a manufacturing method according to the invention for a receiver, for example according to FIGS. 2 to 4, wherein in step 70 the absorber is designed as a black body radiation arrangement with reduced convection and accordingly an absorber space cooperating with the absorber is provided, in order to be able to transfer the heat to the heat-transporting gas. Thereafter, in step 71, a gas absorbing in frequency bands of the infrared range is provided as the heat-transporting gas together with the dimensions of the absorber space in such a way that a predetermined operating state of the receiver can be defined in which the temperature increase of the heat-transporting gas by absorption versus the temperature increase by absorption and convection at the absorber is in a ratio χ> 0.3.
    The result is a manufacturing method for a receiver with a heating area for heating a heat-transporting medium, and a transport arrangement for transporting the medium through the heating area, with an optical opening for sunlight and one in the path of the incident in the heating area Sunlight arranged, the sunlight absorbing absorber is provided, characterized in that the absorber is designed as a black body radiation arrangement with reduced convection and an absorber space interacting with the absorber is provided, as a heat-transporting medium a gas absorbing in frequency bands of the infrared range is provided and the absorber space is dimensioned such that, in a predetermined operating state of the receiver, the temperature of the heat-transporting medium flowing through the absorption space in an operational manner by absorption of the infrared radiation of the A bsorbers increases in such a way that the ratio χ of the temperature increase (T3 - T2) due to absorption in the absorber space compared to the total temperature increase (T4 - T2) due to absorption and convection at the absorber is> 0.3.
    A heteropolar gas is preferably provided as the gas, particularly preferably CO 2, water vapor, CH 4, NH 3, CO, SO 2, SO 3, HCl, NO, and NO 2 or a mixture of these gases.
    In one embodiment of the invention, the ratio χ is set equal to or greater than 0.4, preferably 0.5, particularly preferably 0.6, very preferably 0.7 and most preferably 0.8.
    Finally, in a further embodiment, a secondary absorber designed as a blackbody radiation arrangement with reduced convection can be provided in the absorber space, and the receiver can furthermore preferably be designed as a spatial receiver.
    权利要求:
    Claims (25)
    [1]
    claims
    1. A method for operating a receiver with a heating area for heating a heat-transporting medium, and a transport arrangement for transporting the medium through the heating area, wherein an opening for the radiation of the sun and a path in the path of the incident radiation of the Sun arranged, this absorbing absorber is provided, characterized in that a gas absorbing in frequency bands of the infrared range is provided as the heat-transporting medium, and that the operating parameters of the receiver are set and the gas is selected such that its temperature during transport by the Warming area increases due to absorption of the radiation from the absorber in such a way that the ratio χ of the temperature increase (T3 - T2) due to absorption of the radiation from the absorber compared to the total temperature increase (T4 - T2) due to absorption and convection at the absorber, > 0.3.
    [2]
    2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the heating region has an absorber space arranged in the path of the incident radiation of the sun and provided between the opening and the absorber, and wherein the ratio χ is the ratio of the temperature increase (T3-T2) by absorption of the radiation of the absorber in this absorber space to the total temperature increase (T4 - T2) due to the absorption and convection at the absorber after the gas has passed through it.
    [3]
    3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the heating region has two absorber spaces with a common absorber, and wherein the ratio χ is provided for one or both of the absorber spaces.
    [4]
    4. The method of claim 1, wherein the gas is a heteropolar gas, preferably one or a mixture of the gases C02, water vapor, CH4, NH3, CO, S02, S03, HCl, NO, and N02, particularly preferably a mixture with water vapor and C02.
    [5]
    5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the ratio% is equal to or greater than 0.5 or preferably equal to or greater than 0.7, particularly preferably equal to or greater than 0.8.
    [6]
    6. The method of claim 1, wherein gas is passed through the absorber.
    [7]
    7. The method of claim 1, wherein gas is passed past the absorber.
    [8]
    8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the gas in the heating area is pressurized, preferably in a range between 2 and 20 bar, particularly preferably between 5 and 15 bar, very particularly preferably 10 bar.
    [9]
    9. The method of claim 1, wherein gas is passed around the absorber to and from the back of the absorber.
    [10]
    10. The method according to claim 1, wherein the gas which is heated by absorption of the radiation from the absorber is removed from an absorber space as soon as it is partially heated and / or a partially heated gas is supplied to an absorber space, and the supply takes place in the absorber space at the respective location, where essentially the temperature in the absorber space corresponds to the temperature of the partially heated gas.
    [11]
    11. Receiver for carrying out the method according to claim 1 or produced by the method according to claim 21, with a heating area for the heating of a heat-transporting medium, an opening for the radiation of the sun, and one arranged in the path of the incident radiation of the sun , which has absorbent absorbers, with a transport arrangement for transporting the medium through the heating area, characterized in that an absorber space is also provided for heating the heat transporting medium and the absorber acts as a radiation arrangement acting in the absorber space and the transport arrangement for transport a gas is designed as a heat-transporting medium, the heat-transporting medium being essentially a gas that absorbs in frequency bands of the infrared range, and the absorber space interacting with the absorber is dimensioned such that the ratio in operation s χ the temperature increase (T3 - T2) of the gas that absorbs heat in the infrared frequency bands due to absorption in the absorber space compared to the temperature increase (T4 - T2) due to absorption and convection at the absorber,> 0.3.
    [12]
    12. The receiver of claim 11, wherein an absorber space is arranged between the opening for the radiation of the sun and the absorber, and wherein χ is the ratio of the temperature increase (T3 - T2) by absorption of the radiation of the absorber in this absorber space to the total Temperature increase (T4 -T2) due to absorption and convection at the absorber after which the gas has passed through it.
    [13]
    13. The receiver of claim 11, wherein the heating region has two absorber spaces, which the absorber is common to, and wherein the ratio χ is provided for one or both of the absorber spaces, with connecting channels leading around the absorber preferably connecting the two absorber spaces to one another.
    [14]
    14. Receiver according to claim 11, wherein the absorber at least partially has a gas-tight surface and is preferably plate-shaped.
    [15]
    15. Receiver according to claim 11, wherein the walls of the absorption space and / or the absorbers are free of coolants, in particular cooling channels.
    [16]
    16. The receiver of claim 11, wherein the heat-transporting gas contains a heteropolar gas, preferably one or more of the gases C02, water vapor, CH4, NH3, CO, S02, S03, HCl, NO, and N02, and particularly preferably one Mix with water vapor and C02.
    [17]
    17. Receiver according to claim 11, wherein a secondary absorber is provided in an absorption space and is arranged and designed such that it can be heated by the infrared radiation of the absorber and in turn acts in operation via its radiation in the absorber space, wherein it is preferably plate-shaped and particularly prefers essentially no shading of the absorber.
    [18]
    18. Receiver according to claim 11, wherein the transport arrangement has one or more lines connected to an absorber space for heat-transporting gas, which are arranged such that partially heated gas can be removed from the absorber space and / or partially heated gas can be supplied at a location in which The temperature of the gas in the absorber space essentially corresponds to the temperature of the partially heated, supplied gas.
    [19]
    19. Receiver according to claim 11, wherein an absorber chamber is designed for a pressure of the gas in a range between 2 and 20 bar, particularly preferably between 5 and 15 bar, very particularly preferably 10 bar.
    [20]
    20. Receiver according to claim 11, wherein the ratio χ is equal to or greater than 0.5 or preferably equal to or greater than 0.7, particularly preferably equal to or greater than 0.8.
    [21]
    21. Manufacturing method for a receiver with a heating area for the heating of a heat-transporting medium, and a transport arrangement for the transport of the medium through the heating area, wherein in the heating area an optical opening for sunlight and one arranged in the path of the incident sunlight, the sunlight Absorbent absorber is provided, characterized in that the absorber is designed as a radiation arrangement and an absorber space cooperating with the absorber is provided, a gas absorbing in frequency bands of the infrared range is provided as the heat-transporting medium and the absorber space is dimensioned such that in a predetermined operating state of the Receiver increases the temperature of the heat-transporting medium flowing through the absorption space in an operational manner by absorption of the infrared radiation of the absorber, such that the ratio χ of the temperature increase (T3 - T2) due to absorption in the absorber space compared to the total temperature increase (T4 - T2) due to absorption and convection at the absorber> 0.3.
    [22]
    22. The method according to claim 21, wherein an absorber space is arranged in the path of the incident radiation of the sun between the opening and the absorber, and the ratio χ as the ratio of the temperature increase (T3 - T2) by absorption of the radiation of the absorber in this absorber space total temperature increase (T4 -T2) is provided by the absorption and convection at this absorber, after which the gas has passed through it.
    [23]
    23. The method according to claim 21, wherein the gas comprises a heteropolar gas, preferably one or more of the gases C02, water vapor, CH4, NH3, CO, S02, S03, HCl, NO, and N02 and particularly preferably a mixture with water vapor and C02 ,
    [24]
    24. The method according to claim 21, wherein the ratio χ is equal to or greater than 0.4, preferably 0.5, particularly preferably 0.6, very preferably 0.7 and most preferably 0.8.
    [25]
    25. The method according to claim 21, wherein a secondary absorber designed as a radiation arrangement is provided in the absorber chamber.
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    同族专利:
    公开号 | 公开日
    CH713765A1|2018-11-15|
    MA49301A|2018-05-07|
    CN110720017A|2020-01-21|
    AU2018266741A1|2019-11-21|
    CL2019003147A1|2020-05-08|
    EP3622227A1|2020-03-18|
    MA50762A|2020-03-18|
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    法律状态:
    优先权:
    申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题
    CH00627/17A|CH713765A1|2017-05-10|2017-05-10|Method for operating a receiver and receiver for carrying out the method.|AU2018266741A| AU2018266741A1|2017-05-10|2018-05-07|Method for operating a receiver and receiver for carrying out the method|
    CN201880029272.0A| CN110720017A|2017-05-10|2018-05-07|Method for operating a receiver and receiver for carrying out the method|
    MA050762A| MA50762A|2017-05-10|2018-05-07|PROCESS FOR OPERATING A RECEIVER AND RECEIVER FOR IMPLEMENTING THE PROCESS|
    EP18726716.6A| EP3622227A1|2017-05-10|2018-05-07|Method for operating a receiver and receiver for carrying out the method|
    PCT/CH2018/050015| WO2018205043A1|2017-05-10|2018-05-07|Method for operating a receiver and receiver for carrying out the method|
    MA049301A| MA49301A|2017-05-10|2018-05-07|PROCESS FOR OPERATING A RECEIVER AND RECEIVER FOR IMPLEMENTING THE PROCESS|
    CL2019003147A| CL2019003147A1|2017-05-10|2019-10-30|Method to operate a receiver and a receiver to carry out the method.|
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